Wednesday, March 30, 2011

Should cultivate good habits 35

 Do not say
4, do not say negative, I do not fall into the negative emotions, in the event of an immediate positive approach;
5, where the pre-set targets;
6, action, make plans in advance;
7, working hours, every minute, every second to do things conducive to the production;
8, the time to do at any time by piecemeal piecemeal things;
9, punctuality;
10, write about diary, do not too dependent on memory;
11, keep records of thought inspiration;
12, the important concepts, methods to write down, at any time suggest themselves;
13, walking 30% faster than usual, body language, health and strength, not lazy, apathetic;
14, a day out in the mirror, give yourself a confident smile;
15, self-examination once a day;
16, every day, a campaign;
17, listen to the heartbeat for a minute, doing important things, fatigue, tension, irritability pm. . . .
18, meeting to do the front row;
19, smiling;
20, listen carefully, do not interrupt each other's words;
21, to speak effectively, she felt the sound field can produce infectious;
22, to speak before you think about each other's feelings;
23, three times a day or more conscious compliment;
24, expressed gratitude in a timely manner, and if someone helped you, then;
25, control to live, do not let yourself to the first reaction to defend himself;
26, without rebuke, accusing tone of voice with others to speak;
27, a day to do a related to any aspect, at least once every day, the collation of today;
31, on a regular basis to save money;
32, thrift;
33, often using
35, learn to forgive.

Tuesday, March 29, 2011

[ Links ] an owner of three sentences

 A man out for 20 years, finally going home, the boss asked him: You are 20 years of wages to be three or advice? The man said the road tomorrow, tomorrow morning to give you the answer right? The boss said I could. Men did not sleep that night ... morning, his boss said: I want to three warnings. So the boss gave him three words. First, do not try to find a shortcut, there were no cheap thing, only down to earth is the best way ... Whatever it takes. Second, do not knows is not a good thing to do too much curiosity, there is likely you will have died. Third, do not make any impulsive decisions when, otherwise, this decision is likely to become your lifetime of regret. Having the boss to the man some money and three bread, and told: the biggest in the home after the eat bread. Men hit the road ... he was gone for several days ... the first half of bread, and did not take long encounter an intersection, he inquired: Which way does the ** Near? Passerby: it walked the path, near. Lu Renyi: walk on the path bar, safe. He can not wait to meet with his wife, then go down the lane. Not long to go to hear some passers-by near the downtown Bandit said, and he remembered the boss's first piece of advice: Do not try to find shortcuts. So he walked back to the piece of road. And went a few days, the second part of the bread and ate it ... he found a very cheap inn lodging. Middle of the night heard a woman crying, he slept high. Decided to go look. Then he thought of a second piece of advice: Do not knows is not a good thing to do too much curiosity. So he lie in it. Second day of the leave, the store scared and said: you still alive? ! He puzzled, then asked why. Store said he had a crazy daughter, when the disease introduced by crying out to kill and then, last night lodging guests only you alive. Man sighed: ah ... and go a few days, when the second time he had finished the bread not far away from home. He is more excited. Tian Ganghei down not long after, he went to his village. When he was just going to knock on the door at home, they heard the voice of a man inside. He was in a rage, picked up a wood cutting knife burst into the room will be ready to kill that man. But when he thought the third piece of advice: Do not make any impulse decision, this decision may make you regret it for life. So he calmed down, sat outside the house overnight. He was an early morning knock on the door, his wife is very happy to see him back. But he is very cold: the man? His wife laughed and said: That is our Son ... you're gone ... I did not take long when he found the young man and his actually looks very similar. Father and son first met, hugged a man cry out ... After a while the third concerns the bread preparation and wife, child share together ... only to find that 20 years after cutting the wages of all inside. So we have to think clearly to do anything else to the last regret their own!
ability to achieve great things must-9, 9 means 9
a state of mind: calm
(1) Do not reveal your emotions.
(2) Do not tell everyone that your problems and experiences.
(3), in consultation with the views of others before their first thought, but do not talk about.
(4) there is an opportunity not to nag your dissatisfaction.
(5) other important decisions as far as possible to discuss the best every day and then released.
(6) do not have any of the panic talk, walk, too.
II: carefully
(1) what is happening around them, often thinking their causation.
(2) the implementation of the impossible position, to uncover their fundamental crux of the problem.
(3) of the accustomed ways of doing things, the proposal should be improved or optimized.
(4) should do something to develop the habit of methodical and orderly.
(5) often find a few other people do not see the problems or defects.
(6) anywhere on the inadequacy of their own to fill the seats where.
III: bold
(1) lack of confidence not commonly used words
(2) do not often go back, have decided to do lightly overturned.
(3) fighting over the crowd, do not assertive.
(4) the overall atmosphere is low, you should be optimistic about the sun.
(5) intentions of doing anything else, because someone is watching you.
(6), when things do not breath, and again to find a breakthrough to end but also neat and tidy.
Four: Tatu
(1) Do not bother to have a partner who could become rivals.
(2) on other people's mistakes, small errors do not care about.
(3) the money to be generous, to learn the three facilities (fiscal measures, the Dharma, giving of fearlessness)
(4) do not have the arrogance of power and knowledge bias.
(5) any results and achievements should be shared with others.
(6) must be some sacrifice or devotion, he himself walked in front.
five: integrity
(1) failed to do Do not say, say on the efforts to do so.
(2) the empty slogans or slogans do not often linked to his mouth.
(3) for the client's
(4) stop all
(5) juggle a small smart, no good!
(6) calculate the cost of the integrity of the product or service that is cost of the brand.
Six: play
(1) review of any fault, when start their own or their own people began to reflect.
(2) issues after the end of the first review of fault, and then set out the credit.
(3) admit the beginning from higher levels, the table function from the lower start
(4) start a program, the first clear delineation of responsibilities, and the distribution properly.
(5) of the
(6) take responsibility for the losses caused by the company should bear
into the nine major means:
1, courage determination - to overcome the habit of indecision the reason why many people nothing
The biggest problems is the lack of courage means of decision, always glance right and left, after thinking it over, so the best time they fail. Into a big success in the possibility of coming to see things, the courage to make major decisions, so a head start.
2, Challenge weaknesses - completely change their imperfections
everyone has weaknesses, can not be a major weakness of those who always stick to their own, no major changes in his life; can become a major event are always good at their own The weakness of the surgery, ability to transform itself into a super person. A company can correct its own flaws who can only be a loser!
3, overcome difficulties - from the failure group of successful capital
always face difficult life challenges, can even say that the plight is the The plight of ordinary people in the front and trembling, made major changes to the plight of those who are able to successfully powerful springboard.
4, seize the opportunity - good selection, good at creating
opportunity is the greatest wealth. Some people waste the opportunity easily, so one has great potential, opportunity, slipped quietly ran into a major event is absolutely not allowed to slip away, and can jump toward the opportunity.
5, to play a strong point - do what you do best
a very weak ability of the person it is difficult to open the life situation, the stage of life he must be the victim of heavyweight; into a big person to do on their own things, to fully display their talents, expand the step by step to success.
6, adjust the attitude - avoid emotional harm to the people themselves
negative attitude, in any case can not afford to pick and burden of life, because they can not face the frustration of a personal hygiene, while those on the high-speed into the big state of mind, even if Without any hope, they can see the ray of light of success.
7, immediate action - just saying no, a hundred times better than an operation
vain thought. Some people are
8, good at communication - a clever use of human resources people do not know how to contact
bound to promote the power of relationships. One of the characteristics of those great things are: good by leveraging, by heat to create a successful situation, one pieces can be difficult to accomplishing things done to make them realize their life plan.
9, re-planning - points to a higher starting point
Life is a process, success is a process. If you satisfied with small success, it will promote the great success. Into a major event should know that the difficult process from small to large, so to achieve a small success, to continue to open the next life

can speak any means, can lead to a result, but this result is not the best results, I am afraid it is difficult to say. Events are always selected as the best means to achieve the best results, which most people can do right and wrong. Therefore, the road to success, you want to become a major event, the first problem to be solved is: your means if you plan to promote the immediate success!


ability to achieve great things must have nine

ability to survive challenge: finding good answers in the real world ; ; ;
1, put right attitude, the courage to face the reality
reality for those who constantly complain about poor people, the reality is not bed of roses, just like prison life, both hands and feet bound, and bound body and mind, so often succumb to the pressure of reality, a weak person; and those who really great things, dare to challenge the reality is In reality, the viability of their own temper, which is called strong!
Here, we can come to an experience of great things: to adapt to the changing reality of rapid change their ideas, the most important thing is we need to have an intelligent and flexible mind's eye, so people could live.
under the pressure of the real, if you change the concept, timely and forward, can have a multiplier effect.
can not be separated even for a moment the reality of our bottom-up, with the reality of change, we must adapt their ideas, thoughts, actions and goals. This is a survival imperative.
If we have a way to change reality to fit our abilities and desires of the development needs are the most valuable.
2, so you have a strong self-control
made, is to overcome desire, not because of pressure on the heart a bit impetuous, experience things that are not desirable to explode.
a person unless the first control yourself or you will not be in control.
a successful event as long as the target man, knows what he wants, and then take action, tell yourself do not give up, success is only a matter of time only.
If you are in trouble or hinder the way, you go to face it and solve it, and then move on, so the more positive the more the problem will not. When you climb
Yibubuxiang, do not say to yourself is the most difficult to overcome
people themselves, the meaning of these words is that the biggest obstacle to a person's success does not come from the outside world, but itself. Only control myself, to control the pressure to yield to the pressure in front of you.
3, the emotion into the rationality of the box
a generation of resistance is often subtle, but it effects a person's life is huge, this effect reflected from the many little things. We should try to eliminate their negative emotions, because it will give us not only cause physical and psychological harm, and in our road to success, and negative emotions can sometimes become a stumbling block.
To your success, you have the emotional into the rational case, you have to adapt to others, adapt to the situation, otherwise, you are not destined to become a major event, destined to be eliminated.
4, the power of thought alone can stimulate
alone if you know how, then, into the big people who are good at being alone - alone in the process in the power of inspired thinking.
low self-esteem can be overwhelming, like a mountain man and you will never silence can also be generated as a powerful forward momentum.
step ahead than others, to create a successful state of mind.
in alone, you should be thinking, do not always overstaffed.
5, pressure is the best incentive
who want to become a major event, because of lofty goals, the pressure may be greater. But Ruoyu into the event, to be able to withstand this pressure, the pressure as the driving force to promote life.
one of the most outstanding work is often the case out in the face of adversity made. People will want to have to do certain things. Must be done well, the firm does not do.
does not necessarily get good news, is not all lost a bad thing.
6, the transformation strain, have a way out
of change, good change, to adjust their programs of action, which is as big a way to adapt to reality.
a person does not deal with people and the superb skills, the circumstances did not mind all the bases, flexible means to the situation simply can not control the large, will be difficult to become a major event.
a person can see their status, attitude will balance the many, we can look to an objective view, understand the world, and adjust their behavior accordingly.
7, self-confidence is a strong pillar of life who
confidence sufficient ability to adapt to high and low adaptive capacity and vice versa.
general lack of confidence in some of the more serious people who are often psychosomatic symptoms, such as the eccentric, fear with people, talking too extreme, pessimism.
If successful experience doing more, then the confidence will be.
opportunity to exercise self-less successful, more self-confidence is weak, resulting in a serious inferiority complex.
nineteenth century thinkers Ralph Waldo Emerson said: .
not a major event into the event and those who are different only in some small action: spend 5 minutes a day reading, and more make a phone call, a little more effort, one that at the right time, performing on multiple charges a little effort, and more do some research, or in the laboratory test once more.
in action before you know whether you competent to this task.
no excuse can be interpreted as the will Why you still can not be qualified for a job a long time.
Whether you want to pursue what you have to force yourself to enhance the capacity to achieve goals.
spare no effort to practice, engage in active practice, it still spare no practice! Never stop learning, and be sure to apply the knowledge acquired in daily life.
9, to concentrate on doing one thing
If most people focus on a task focused, they can do this work well.
the great things is that traders who make decisions quickly and decisively, they are always the first to identify a clear goal and focus and dedication towards this goal.
time only to concentrate on doing one thing, threw himself into and actively want it to succeed, so that your heart will not feel exhausted.
do you need to think of a big row of a small drawer in the drawer. Do not always think of all the drawers, but to focus on that you have to open the drawer. Means each man is not the same things, you can tell, there is a kind of a person means a person means to have a success on their own way. Numerous facts have shown that some people are too self-confident, sure miss their means to solve any problem, but do not know that this is often not have any effect. Therefore, they always feel that the goal of success is not getting away from the past, but actually getting away.


into a big attitude
necessary state of mind of 9: positive
1. always thinking stand out
2. do A successful start
6. In the ordinary to do extraordinary things
7. to keep the young mind is very important
8. is always positive, active, enthusiastic attitude
II: diligent humility < br> 1. Top Gun thinking, and get down to dry
2. Qin Jing industry, humility man
3. diligence than talent
4. hard-working breeds success, the lazy genius destroyed
5. cultivate the habit of hard work will be a lifetime benefit
6. have a hard, there is a harvest
7. perseverance and support to
8. Murdoch Jun-line early, even as early as the third pedestrian
mind: honest and trustworthy
1. honesty is the essence from their
2. honest and trustworthy are the big winners < br> 3. in good faith to lay a successful foundation
4. sincere friendship will make your business more developed
5. a man should be upright conduct
6. honesty is as big a br> 7. to become a major event, deal with them not rashly
8. to be honest, with the enthusiasm of the four things
mind: the courage to challenge
1. dare to challenge themselves, to overcome the demeaning psychological
2. Challenge No Limit
3. persist in the end made by the courage, halfway is a coward
4. for the challenges provoked into a big confidence
5. Courage is the good way to overcome difficulties
6. Katsuhito by force, since the winner strong
7. persistence and perseverance are great things in the basic skills
8. perseverance great things, a little attitude no way out
Five: Six good cooperation
mind: Contentment Seven of balance
mind: cheerful attitude of the eight
: nine generous guest,
mind: always confident.

Sunday, March 27, 2011

You bad

 Been to try ~ 5 offBoring play Kazakhstan, I limited intelligence , poor third, a hard, ah ha ha.

first hurdle - the cabbage, lamb , wolf transported to the other side , pay attention when people are not sheep will eat the cabbage , the wolf will eat the lamb

second hurdle - the And the ghosts are sent to the other side , any side of the ghosts are not more than people , or ghosts to eat people.



third, - a family , and at night had a single-plank bridge . But they have only a lamp , which lamp can only use 30 seconds . To have the bridge before the lights go out , they are a family of five people each across the bridge at different speeds . Thin 1 second 3 seconds chubby , girl 6 seconds, big fat 8 seconds , and the lame 12 seconds. You can only have two people. over, then light the other side to have a man sent back.

off the fourth - the knights from the green castle to the blue castle, with the chess jump when the Finally, jump back to the place , you can over!

fifth off - five people on the elevator should take the elevator , but have to lift all five layers in between 21 and 25, the door will open. There are only two ways down the elevator , one of which any two lifts up 8 layers , and second, any two of them down the elevator 13 floors .

Thursday, March 3, 2011

Classification and application of chemical pump

 Types of farmers to take advantage of combined centrifugal:
1) do the management in accordance with agricultural, construction aggregate species
1) vane pumps: rotary pump through tactful when power driven impeller to the liquid in various types of force or shaft hekou back strength, transmission fluid to the tube or container stresses, such as hekou pump, glass, seamless pipe pump, flow pump, axial flow pump.
2) positive displacement pumps: The pump continued to change the cylinder outside the volume of transmission fluid pump, such as from pumps, piston pumps, gear pumps, screw pumps.
3) the situation in the rest of the pump: No body electromagnetic transmission of electromagnetic conductivity of liquid pump; the use of fluid energy to the transmission fluid pump, Beijing translation, such as Radiation pump, air downcomer, etc., army surplus.
(2) of the Agricultural Department at United species
1) flow pump: A feeding pump, in the final drip pump, cycle pump, wash pump, sewage pump make up the pump, enter the pump.
2) special projects pumps: pumps including boiler, cooling tower pump fire, long range attack with a pump, water pump, etc. with the light wells.
3) to help use the pump: consisting of smooth oil pump, oil pump Kai thin, static hydraulic transmission pumps, etc..
4) Pipeline walks pumps: win oil pipeline pumps, pumps and other removable car.
(3) classification by winning the amount of income referred < br> 1) Fire Pump: Includes net water pumps, boiler feed pumps, condensate pumps, heating pump.
2) decay of the pump: including stainless steel pumps, high silicon cast iron pumps, corrosion of liquid pumps, no stone Zhu permeability pump, pump lining soft, soft vinyl chloride powder pump, Shield Pump, pump barrier, titanium pumps.
3) scalar pumps include: slurry pump, sand pump, sewage pumps, coal pump, ash pump .
4) pump: pump cold, warm oil pump, oil pump, pumps and other liquid hydrocarbons.
(4) by application of the premise category
1) small flow and micro liquid pump: drip amount of separation for the 300m3 / min and 0.O1L/min;
2) low temperature and low heating diaphragm pump: The next warm up to 500 ℃, high temperature to a Z53 ℃;
3) low-pressure pumps and high pressure pump: low voltage up to 200MPa, the vacuum degrees for 2.66 --- 10.66kPa (20-80mmHg);
4) fast under the low-speed pump and the pump: High Speed up to 24000r / min, short fast 5-10r/min;
5) accurate metering pumps : Measurement of quality mobility diameter of + / -0. 3%;
6) viscosity of the pump: thousands of Pa s viscosity (Pa? s).
use of chemical pump:
widespread use of chemical pump only in the chemical industry in various areas, are chemical, metallurgical, manufacturing drugs, failure of the foil, only the industry, no off the main usefulness. chemical pump is also attached to the centripetal force to sponsor their non-material, the job of the manager As:
chemical centrifugal pump in a job, the pump must battle tank into the feed tube of liquid only defeat Him real space position of the scroll wheel too fast, the blade rotation speed of a hurry so that the liquid is euphemism, euphemistic spin off the liquid material is centripetal force under the effect of self-impeller outside the flying, the pump outside of the fire were thrown not the first, the impeller central sectoral composition of real space area. liquid materials in the stingy, the effects of stress on the communication function pipeline pressure to the feed tube. as reincarnation There are no outstanding, will be able to complete the ongoing walks.
is open static chemical pump, the pump casing modest foreign exchange income of the liquid to be won; start first, start first, the impeller shaft driven by the fast rolling high, the liquid between the blades is also necessary move along. In the role of centripetal force, the liquid was thrown from the back of the impeller within the margin of the Central and made to quality, high-speed separation in the edge of the impeller into the volute into the pump casing.
in the spiral case, the liquid because of the gradual flow of about accelerated expansion, in turn change the department for the dynamic pressure to static, filter, initially in a high pressure flow into the exhaust pipe did not say, close to the required applications. core flow of liquid from the dorsal edge of the impeller when the impeller central form will the real space, because the next round in the tank liquid pump inlet pressure is less than the pressure of the liquid into the impeller Jibei continued outside pressure. not see, simply scroll wheel days from time to time, the liquid that will not continue to be incoming high No combat platoon.
coherence Website:
Related articles:
IEJ chemical pump
FS FRP centrifugal chemical pumps
2009-2012 China Chemical Pump Industry Market Research and Prospect Report

Wednesday, March 2, 2011

Tangshan Life

 To pour a glass of sake alone, quietly facing the direction of Tangshan, sprinkling the earth bit by bit, then disappear quietly commemoration the great disaster in that hundreds of thousands of lives.
the outbreak of the Great Tangshan Earthquake ago, as the Beijing Equipment Installation Company construction team of full-time second deputy secretary of Party branch, is to attend the Beijing West Beijing Construction Engineering Bureau Jietai young cadres training. quake spread to the temple this time, nearly a hundred major building Beijing construction unit of the grass-roots leadership, leaving the violent shaking of the residence, were unanimous in their responsibility to think about with things: certainly devastating disaster occurred, certainly we need to play a role in construction profession.
is With such a mood, and soon there is mechanical engineering co-workers received an emergency notice, which is the moment that is the earthquake occurred in Tangshan, the city had been razed to the ground, almost all of the residents are still buried in the ruins. training to inform all students, immediately returned to their units on standby. I rushed back to the city directly after the construction team, passing Tiananmen Square erected around the monument to see the people of a variety of materials of various colors of earthquake shed, more aware of the This extraordinary degree of earthquake disaster.
echelon of the Standing Committee of the candidate list of companies by training young people the basic principles of leading cadres should be pushed to the major task of the job to hone. And I have another idea: that a major catastrophe, is a rare life experience, I value, the absolute not want to miss.
did not expect is a very small chance that I almost completely lost with the Tangshan earthquake directly to the opportunity. coming down the mountain the next day at noon, resulted from bad food, I became very sick and more than, could not eat together every night and day to the construction site inspections at each point, sallow face, it is obviously very embarrassed look. seeing ten days later, I heard about the team's Zhou Shuji, the company has Wu led the rescue team sent to fly Tangshan pier 10 days. and the company led the list is my original, well-intentioned comments that when Zhou Shuji look at me very ill, and may find it difficult to adapt to environmental stress affected areas. I heard on the emergency , and immediately called the company secretary of the Dong Yuhua. He fell very simply: Speed all the way (bike) arrived forty minutes the company's headquarters is located in South Lishi. Dong Yuhua see me in one sentence: . ten days of the rotation, and they boil over quickly. veterans. Dongshu Ji and several department heads the company's brief account of the feedback back to the first case of teams, particularly the ten-day emphasis on the nature and significance of relief work. I think the talk about the thirty-five minutes and is the side mounted equipment and supplies to the car, listening to the leader of the several departments of the situation.'s side of the street pavement business sections already built a simple shed, a grid attached to a grid. We start the car late at night when , a row of lights are all children of the camp. the size of our six thousand construction company during a major earthquake in Beijing as well as the country is also undertaking the construction of hundreds of tasks at the site, of course, include the works in Zhongnanhai.
the car started up, and soon drove east along the Chang'an Avenue. I, as this immediately to enter the central area of the Tangshan earthquake in unit leadership, and team members one by one until this time to communicate, I think received before departure dozens of friends and family news paper commissioned inquiry, and quickly asked the team members bring their summary note. Along the way, the vision of all is the dark, and occasionally see the little light. detachment of the drivers had been a soldier in Tangshan, is also after the earthquake The only member of Tangshan, ran a trip, he will follow me until the job done. from his presentation, I roughly understand the severity of the earthquake, all roads leading to the Tangshan block during the day are a mess, only in night before the car run fast, so about four o'clock in the morning into the Tangshan area.
Although the spirit of our squad members already prepared, or be surprised about the scene out the window: the huge bridge twisted into cannabis like; high chimney left base; even row of buildings in paralysis as rubble; asphalt road Xieshen a ferocious crack; occasionally hit the poles or to see the car plunged into Erdaogou; deep quiet of the cold the dark, without any sound, thriller, horror, shock, sadness, I think, certainly we all fill our minds filled with these words; I can feel the dull atmosphere, all the members in the tragedy is beyond words in simply drowned, as if suddenly returned to the prehistoric prehistoric wilderness.
finally arrived in Tangshan City, the construction of all coordinates of all the unrecognizable, the driver almost mistake the location, and even around to find touch with the first squad at the agreed place, a hill next to the. open the door, walking towards me fishy smell rot, the driver remembered to remind the players already out of masks hanging on the neck, first pour a little liquor, and then quickly cover a good nose and mouth. polished and we have to see the day when I do not know the members of the first unit has been sitting quietly away from us, but ten meters. Leader Director Liu Guozhu Wu pier and information came to my eyes, show them who did not complete the task is about to return home even a trace of a smile, looking rusty brothers and woodenly dry eyes, have told me in front of the full ten days to see what they have experienced a kind of spiritual torment.
None of us care of the greeting, Wu pier took out a small book, one by one tell me the task of rescue squad and first squad, I This clearly specify to send a special detachment of the origin of gas welding. < br> center received a warning in Tangshan, the same day matter of great urgency to mobilize a large number of nearby field army, one group after another forced march to high speed once owned troops arrived to steel and cement cutting next to the ruins of the city, listening to the groans around wail and call, the military mad rush in the past, the hand moving shoulder, many of the officers and men rushed tired even fainted, the role is very limited, human accumulation can not even move the construction of reinforced concrete debris. This reflects the central seismic rushed command structure, in the army in place of the next day, hundreds of large cranes arrived one after another from the nearby provinces disaster scene, mechanical cranes still can not really work. Canqiang broken walls across the fault lies in the reinforced steel frame inside, fine such as fingers, thick like a walnut, run through all major building structures, and that this can be called broken bones, tendons attached. the power of tens of tons of large cranes, large concrete structures to lift it, but keep pushing with thousands of silk million reinforced. race against the rampaging soldiers waving hammer, pull hacksaw, a large warrior is completely exhausted, so the progress made on-site rescue personnel anxious Rufen. once again the central telegraph, but also emergency research, which it is our turn mm in the smallest force in the relief, but to master the pen dotting special squad of God, stepped in, quite the wrecker.
I suddenly felt extremely heavy responsibility, but also glad that they did not ball dropped crucial time to catch up with such a critical task. also strange, trouble a ten-day stomach is now completely gone.
Wu pier side of the briefing, the first group members greet one hand finishing tools for loading, has been fighting ten days at the site of the old players, but also When I first came comrades to introduce steam under the special conditions of the essentials of welding cutting operation.
Xiedian Liang was a master craftsman, and I spent time in a construction team, he specialized account of the oxygen cylinders and oxygen insertion position table selected, by the way told me that yesterday, the team has ten days to the task of the hour, the acetylene cylinder will be demolished when the case broke out. The soldiers are beginning to withdraw from the scene mm ruins of a hospital, operating requirements to meet guest, the holes may have to be shouted several voices, suddenly, a small fighter surprise exclaimed: also those who want minimal on-site immediately return a platoon of troops, crane drivers to restart the machine, thanks to this group of two instructors who also stared straight into the acetylene cylinders suck down cold lump, just one minutes will Insurance cover ring pull the pressure, if put in water, difficult to think about re-entering the working state, that number nearly a hundred people still live without eyes kill you?
the arrival of our second day before the rescue squad The women called Lu Guilan, and later in 2002 CCTV Spring Festival Gala light off phase, accompanied by representatives described the military, I remember not seem to mention gas welding crane drivers and teams, they are truly the unsung heroes.
Publicity Director Liu Guozhu from time to time to add some details on the scene saw him, he told me, is beside the rubble of a hill, is a five-story building, dozens of residents, among the crush of paralysis earthquake collapsed completely into rubble, even the building structure is usually damaged branches of a tree branch after the bifurcation of the branch are not real mess. Liu Guozhu saw a female stayed with the rescue force way door, silly idiot to sit all day, said the small female family of seven were no survivors. until our unit arrived, here is intact. the whole city is watching not look like everywhere, the victims can only be carried out step by step work.
boarding the first team returned to Beijing, and we are all members of the second squad dispersed to various units to meet the emergency, each points on the two people are living field tents. I and Chen and Liu arranged in 38 two master Ministry where a regiment of the military, and political director of the tent next to. We sent the team members one by one with forces, in a small book on my side of every resident and relief marked the location of points, the next ten days to be inspected every day to communicate with the forces necessary to promptly resolve the difficulties in the rescue, to educate and remind all the team members strict discipline, disaster relief, to overcome the adverse environmental impact, the completion of outstanding people in the capital to our glorious mission. Wu pier specifically told me that the second batch of teams can be used to clean water, eat a hot meal. The first group of brothers who had just the first three days into the disaster area, only military hard tack dry throat, embarrassed to turn over the collapse of the bath, scoop out the Subway and taste of the soup mixture, clarified several times to wash your face, the driver added that they also drink a few times, it is thirsty.
days have been great light, I settled down here and now only see the Tangshan earthquake scene. into the city's roadside utility poles, hanging hanging a young male. back tied bare upper body, seems to have hanging in there for some time. This is by fire, robbery, and those that were caught on the spot, all brought the mob, to make a warning. Ten days later, these scenes are displayed, also seen all hole in one home a dozen men and women along the straight edges of people and cars Lengleng De congregation kneeling in the junction, his neck as evidence of the stolen goods, shoes and bags bottles, variety, plus plate I reckon the old man should be over seventy years, also a small four-year-old, is about see Choi Wang Yi's attitude was not necessarily an habitual offender and the like. children.
the direction of the latest from Beijing streets, opposite the high-rise blocks of a dozen layers of ruins after the break, come startling vision of the scene. A man naked body hanging in the air, just the head was pressed under the floor. Changlu side trickling down the wall to the plasma flow has become a black mark, top of the vaguely discernible in the roof and floor of the shape of the head between the stars.
me for this catastrophe severity of shock, and feeling deeply the lives of Tangshan suffered the ravages of how tragic.
the air from time to time the aircraft roar, spraying disinfectant liquid regularly every day, on-site and the resident total chemical defense, blowing several times a day the same medicine, coupled with an environment filled with disaster scene, the whole city is always filled with the smell of rotten evil, I think of a unit about a player, can not adapt to Tangshan, a meal can swallow does not survive, and resolutely refused to deserters to do daily to the site as usual, working very best, has always insisted that our rotations. Tangshan life ah!
players along the distribution of relief point road map to go again. In the ruins of a hospital, the first day I through the rescue of the soldiers and the crowd saw two different people. a middle-aged man, a young women, every day is the earliest to the latest waiting to leave the high ground in the search field position. Later, I heard a young woman ten days has been stood upright, she said, see such a real number. his (her) both in wait, want to see is the first time to dig out from the heavy masonry of the next of kin, I have no doubt that two pairs of eyes looking forward and want the truth behind the story.
few days later, young women finally see already lost their lives to the husband, is said to be women hospitalized serve day and night waiting for her husband. mended to the earthquake, the wife somehow been left out of the body not be affected much, but her husband to stay in love forever more ill in bed day bed. this woman since the first teams into the field to the case every day, holding a full bottle of white wine, followed by a behind fellow teenagers, pushing a plate tricycle, car Qi yo code placed inside and outside the clothing brand new bedding and blankets. In her husband was carried over, the young woman's body, the face of love, the soldiers refused to continue to help, very patient ten days with a bottle of liquor shook the whole body wipe for their loved ones, and then by the semi- big guy to help, softly's put internal and external underwear, paving bedding, Gaiyan blankets, sleeping like a baby care. Emotion Shigeyoshi women were using the bottle of wine last. Well! After several fragmented cement floor, the platoon leader told me about the troops close to the foot of just one second did not escape the death of a male doctor. platoon leader from Beijing, he was surprised and sorry to say, visual : meters, above the door eventually take the child beat the rain falling down, the fingers of male doctors also exposed in the concrete slab outside. The moment the least bit tragic death of two world situation, I later saw for himself every day. With the platoon leader gestures, gradually approaching the soldiers searched more than middle-aged men gathered at the position since the eye. That man straightened start pointing Plan for guidance to the soldiers something, it seems he was very familiar with the ward at once.
soldiers found a middle-aged man's relatives, his wife, hospital delivery, little daughter by his side, when the building collapsed down the family room also killed three middle-aged man, probably not with the mother and daughter trio together. I wondering what kind of middle-aged man would take the attitude and the way that this person has been as close to drag out the size and clamor for the remains of three soldiers, who let off his poor wife and mother of a wrist watch. by middle-aged Men's instructions, a soldier watches over the wall with a short cross-channel bar lug over to him, the husband, the father will watch clean wipe and scrub for a moment, then carefully into the pocket, and then get up and leave , even the head does not have rotation, and then failed to show up again. just sit and read a long time, the platoon leader who bitterly Beijing nationality emerge the sentence: ah, fie! say? cold Tangshan life ah!
toward their children without thinking, the first to bear a second big disaster. the first time in three decades, I also sometimes give birth to the idea of such a line mm side, stand, sit, lie all walks of life of women, or women wealth, or put up with hardships, or talented, or vulgar, if the terrible disaster so suddenly upon us, I still have no doubt they are the only choice without choice, the children toward death! do not ever forget so proud of Tangshan maternal life!
I believe she is just an ordinary one of hundreds of thousands of victims, who will not understand what was done to move the operator, nor have imagined her in an instant what apocalyptic state.
site is high gas welders workers, old master, he spoke about his experiences in the disaster site. great about six floors of an organ, of them are for the cutting of steel bars that cross, drilling down the confused depressed. finally cleared one organ telephone switchboard duty room, only the work of a young woman sitting room chair seats, the top three or four floors uniform over the life of the operator, but all the rescue personnel face these circumstances silence for a long time: naked women sitting in the operator seat, right hand still firmly holds the pin inserted in the working head of state. Zhang master told me that she slept in the lounge stairs, rushed to duty if the flight, we must first go through the most for escape stairs, and then ran more than ten meters before entering the workplace, disaster heaven the moment, the choice of horror, the operator fly across toward the exit to escape responsibility! female operator, I can not know the name, but I'm sure she's the only moment of faith in life and death: when he was 28 years old, the earthquake was smashed off his leg, buried their loved ones at home also caught fire. She must be thinking of escape from responsibility, refused to take any home, dragging the leg, scratching and scrambling for nearly an hour the first time to reach jobs, she worked at least the second floor mall business area, all the flash caused by the earthquake off the gable facing the street, a large number of commodities fell as shock waves and the street. seedling secretary arrived units, shopping malls, a security officers and a young woman facing a severe test, a loot going to happen.
hot climate anomalies during the earthquake, Tangshan residents almost stripped naked while sleeping, so the residents are lucky to find any escape, really hungry , panic. thrown down the streets to see the clothes, food, the kind of situation can be imagined.
secretary Tony is a young woman, however, but she also shoulders the responsibility for the safety of shopping a lot of property, the situation gets out of control loss of the entire mall will certainly be even more disastrous. mall, leaving only three employees, quickly division of labor, secretary of the Miao and preach to the masses of women workers in the periphery, to persuade. security officers patrol the mall, he had a pistol, a few bullets . By the way, there was really special to grab credit, storage, and looting the confusion momentum of public property, there are prisoners who escape harm public security personnel after the case of reprisals.
gas welding set of post-disaster rapid cutting of specific performance is the case, The first step is to search for groups by the military command in the concrete jungle, broken walls Canqiang detect survivors, more relatives and friends in accordance with the guidance of the families of survivors, specializes in a certain person's body, but also a very important property. The second step clues to the military by discovery indicates a crane to hook fixed to the structure of a cement floor, first try hanging about, the reinforced concrete structures exposed, the soldiers responsible for the proper clean-up, so easy to cut steel; the third step by the use of gas welders will hinder the target torch cutting of steel; The fourth step is a crane out of reinforced concrete structures entangled lifted, transported from the scene; fifth step by the soldiers transported the bodies of the victims to be transported to the point, with the cotton turned out in advance secured by the package tight, waiting for outward focus.
speak in front of a lot of the scene, because I have every day of the tour traveled with the squad of five or six relief point, bound to several times a day and gas welding seen as the closest members of countless victims. Tangshan earthquake was official death toll of more than twenty million, at least in my infrastructure as a command to go to Beijing Tangshan earthquake rescue squad captain, ten days, these victims always with me from morning till evening, and countless human feelings, human nature, people are into the imprint of the most straightforward, so I'll never remember that vividly.
shocked me most is the apocalyptic time of motherhood, where there are mother and daughter, mother and child the scene with the victims, without exception, are covered in mother-to-child tightly under his body weak.
front of the hospital that mother and daughter died in childbirth three, is a mother holding a baby of manpower, a 6-year-old daughter took manpower, she was a good few vertical cut severely cut down the floor, and even children under the body intact in the presence of soldiers all visibly moved.
has named Wong Rui forensic, all House 8 people, earthquake occurs, his parents and two children were killed, he and his wife was a strong shock wave from the second floor knocking the street, broke into fractures are serious injuries, except-year-old daughter just graze the scalp only, because the mother is to be tightly grasped in his arms. This is truly destroyed, in any hesitation, maternal dictates! Huang Haiyan forensic eldest daughter is called, was about 13 years old, facing grandfather, grandmother and two a sister died, my father, mother seriously injured and sent from the Tangshan, dead or alive, with his year-old girl, difficult situations can be imagined. Beijing's relatives sent word to leave the disaster area to take little sisters, little Swallow actually declined. She did not explain any reason, the expression has been so calm, I have not seen her cry, have not seen her melancholy look around, and occasionally a few times to see her, always neat, clean clothes, with his little sister is so, still polite conversation manners.
their awe, they are very unfortunate, and very lucky to be alive! more and more of the mother and child, mother and daughter, will always be a great disaster took his life. I often think of countless victims, when the fog enemy as to what should be done next, might do, to what extent, all calculations a lot, he knew, Tangshan is over, have all been destroyed Tangshan, means of communication destroyed, are also impossible for normal traffic ! to save Tangshan must not rely on any conventional procedure, and Beijing, the CPC Central Committee, Chairman Mao, the PLA, Li Yulin speak to the words, repeated in his head hit the action: weaving the militia guards, I participated in disaster relief ten days, the night will hear gunshots pierced the night sky from time to time.
secretary of such courage is a vaccine, there is knowledge, rational, beneficial, festival, trade-offs in the selection of the state, to take up the responsibility This makes shopping not only become the Tangshan earthquake losses in the business. Tangshan truth of life crisis.
third place is worth bearing in mind that the first person to mm Speed warning to Beijing Li Yulin.
was are catching up with the 38 Army officers and men of your regiment to be heroic deeds of Li Yulin. Mission of the Political Department sat on the left, I sat on the right of Beijing and rescue team leader, Li Yulin take the middle, he told the four or five hundred soldiers talk about that period of experience, I will listen to him close to the elbows. This process has recently heard from the radio broadcast, but did not attend were also modified the content, at least genuine, so impressive, many of the details are clear .
mentioned Li Yulin, struggling to escape from the ruins of his wearing a triangle when the pants, the whole building came crashing down to the city of Tangshan into a But the deepest impression left me was a woman. only went to Beijing as soon as possible, only send the PLA can save Tangshan Chairman Mao.
he was very familiar with the mining environment, quickly find and clean up the mine for emergency recovery operation of the mine rescue Special Purpose Vehicle (filled with oil) he found a miner hat, a cotton coat to naked put, one way or another an assistant ready to go. Li Yulin I praise him to the troops out of the special driving skills training , is the level of the Broken Bridge Speed more.
Li Yulin was the tragic story of his home did not attend, he was union president of the mine, which is full of all the physical and mental sense. The only let him stay a few minutes episode, talking about his own Millions of people cover the city below, and one by one to save, then that is really crazy too! Father who insist on forcing a hand regain a life Li Yulin, Li Yulin hurry in accordance with the instructions, shipped enough strength to move
several pieces of stacked cement floor, Father deftly pulled out the child, attend to listen to thanks, Fei Shi Li Yulin emergency vehicles rushed away.
way he specifically mentioned two things, One is the way to the village groups of victims seeking
rescue vehicle stopped by his Xiaoyitaiyi, the villagers put down injured relatives, to help Zheliang Chairman Mao went to Beijing to find the red car get out of the road; Another thing is the car to Yutian, when the State Seismological Bureau met face special car, near the Seismological Bureau of the experts are looking for the source, heard about Li Yulin, must lead the way to his return to Tangshan. Li Yulin, I was anxious to squeeze them to death, fuck what you eat! the Tangshan all over, you are responsible!
into Chang'an Avenue, Beijing straight from Datong, went straight to Zhongnanhai, the siren scream all the way, a guy rushed Xinhua door, one foot brake, stunned and high security system activated. Li Yulin almost petrified, but ten seconds, heavily armed soldiers in combat have your marks, the real explosive. Li Yulin was full of praise, ! too powerful! the man. powder ash form a kinds of things should go Earthquake Administration. just like the disaster of hell, struggling out of the body in sweat pores Li Yulin crying with rage, suddenly broke up, all directed at Gouxue nozzle officials also went to the reception at a loss ! Li Yulin and told me this experience, they also bear a grudge!
a side door out from the high of a level of leadership, see the matter must be extremely serious, is patience and persuasion Li Yulin, then behind Also catch the Air Force breaking in Tangshan, a deputy chief of staff and entourage. The head immediately signaled from the Tangshan Fei led several cars and came flying into the underground passage, direct drive to live the central directorate of the conference room. Li Yulin recalls a meeting of Map of the central leadership, with Ji Dengkui, Chen Xilian, Chen Yonggui, Wu Guixian. Li Yulin answer when the Tangshan earthquake, the extent of losses, summed up in one sentence: on the map, the original head of a big circle, and immediately drew a large range of walnut. Li Yulin specifically mentioned, and saw he had a cold look, Wu Guixian immediately to allow staff to take a white pill, personally looked at He served down, Center mm Tangshan. I believe that multi-storey precast concrete panels lifted. I of course refused to accept, once again have to carry, the results were untouched, a few guys together to get started, it is only a nodding, heck. later transferred to the physical education sector, which can explain the man is in a state of emergency will have potential function in stress response. Tangshan gold fire of life.
the people's army, nor the people of everything. the time to listen to them say that they.
forces are coastal areas have a beach landing operations training courses scheduled at night in front of daylight, the night after the bustle of the officers and men suddenly received orders literally on fire, rushed to the Tangshan disaster relief limit . covered with water dripping of the officers and men who just left the soup cooked hot meals, has launched a wet squeezed into the car toward the Tangshan Zhi Feng Chi power. near the destination, the bridge broke, and forces all alighted Strong iron feet forced march, members of the order met the river, armed swimming. For a limited time, rushed to the disaster scene, facing the devastation of the cement Zhuandui, officers and men ten hours straight, unarmed plane of all life, desperately digging information areas. I have seen many strange hand-type soldiers, more flexible is hard hard grasp, it is not his own the hand! A military commander told me that their forced march toward the Tangshan forces encountered viaduct circuit, I heard someone call for help at high altitude, looked up and saw a lonely bridge remnants of a bridge column, the above actually stood a carriage, car skill with the horses did not even hurt the car, As an order, rush, force alone can not pull out the rescue, had shouted a few words of encouragement to continue to drive to the Tangshan. The commander who narrowly escaped death has also been worried about the safety of high-altitude marching it.
My attitude of life and death industry a girl told me that the earthquake occurred, this was a woman of advanced progress of the construction team robbed in the night, his lug two barrels of bean soup in the door to get from the first floor, door to outside the building before the high-level support is also payable on the Little Sisters hello, the above three girls standing outside the building have been supporting platform, should not hit the building, and water to kick down the call girl call has entered the doors of the parlor. fierce earthquake suddenly, busy interval between the upper and lower two girls for a bit involuntary, fetching water and the girls were shaking down, groggy rolled outside the doors of the parlor, the girl on the outside because of the strong support and suddenly flew into the building swaying. I saw the original six has collapsed to the floor, the height of two layers, while the outer frame for the hoist lift platform, the terminal still stands if nothing had happened. I have dedicated this climb of life and death witnessed the girls high-jump, that girls fetching water are anyway not This made her willing to be close to the chill of the table.
squad with a master site search, carried away the bodies of the couple both died, and picked up ...

Tuesday, March 1, 2011

Influence of Sea Power upon History 1660-1783-- Alfred Seye Ma Han ...

 Introduction
history of sea power, though not exactly, but the main account of the struggle between countries, and the final competition between countries often lead to war violence. Maritime trade on the national wealth and strength of the far-reaching implications early in guiding the development of maritime trade and prosperity until the correct theory was discovered to have been clearly recognized. a country in order to ensure their people have access to maritime trade is not balanced the interests of monopoly or using ordinary legislation, or is to develop a number of prohibitions to restrict foreign trade, or when these methods fail, they take direct action to try to eliminate violence against foreigners in the trade. that do not give in to win the desire to share all that is or can not, at least occupies most of the trade interests, and occupation of distant spheres of influence who have not yet explicitly trade zone, these conflicts of interest, which aroused the anger often leads to war. On the other hand, from other causes of the war, its implementation methods and outcomes are in large part by whether the control of marine and control. Therefore, the history of sea power, from its broadest sense, involves a benefit to a nation dependent on the oceans or the use of all things marine stronger. But the history of sea power is mainly A military history. Thus, in the following chapter, though not all, but mainly describes the situation in this regard.
some of the great military leaders have warned before, we should like to study past military history, such a study for correcting our thoughts, for the clever in the future war is essential. Napoleon was a very ambitious military strategist, he studied the battle he cited Alexander, Han Stubbs and the implementation of Nigeria's battle Caesar. But these people do not know the black gunpowder. so in the full-time writers seem to have become an important understanding, that while many of the conditions of war, from one century to another century, as the weapons development has changed, but there are some in the history of the doctrine is preserved correctly, and now continue to exist, and thus become the universal doctrine, and can rise to the general principle. For the same reason, although in the past half century , because of scientific progress and the use of steam as the driving force, the Navy has undergone a drastic change in weapons, but we will see the sea of the past history of naval warfare through it to illustrate the general principle, it will be very instructive The.
discriminating like us to study the history and the era naval sailing experience, there is a double necessity. because such studies can provide the application and evaluation is now needed for the lesson, on the other hand, to the current So far, the steam is also a short history of the Navy fleet has not been able to form a clear doctrine. for the sailing, we have a lot of practical experience; and steam ships, in fact we do not have any practical experience. Therefore, the future of naval warfare Almost all theoretical inference; although we have tried to study in detail the fleet with a long history of steam, the famous voyage by oars warships sail single-deck paddle similarities between the fleet, so that these theories have a relatively solid, reliable basis; but the future of naval warfare has not been fully validated in prior to the theory of naval warfare must not be too much reliance on steam ships and warships sail paddle similarity between the points, although by no means a superficial similarity. single-deck paddle steam ships and warships sail in common is that they have the wind can not rely on the ability to sail in any direction. But steam power, but also to make these different levels of the steam ship with a fundamental difference between sailing ; As for sailing, when the wind direction only to a limited number of sailing, no wind is necessarily a step. But people should not only know how to observe the similarities of things, but also should be good at different aspects of looking at things. because when people's imagination interested in the similarities found in mm This is the spirit of the pursuit when one of the most enjoyable things easier for the newly discovered mm analogue produced in the difference aversion, so it will ignore or refuse to recognize such differences. Single deck paddle warships sail and steam ships, although the development has been different, and have those already mentioned above, the performance, but they at least have two things are different; so we sail from single-deck paddle battle the history of the ship to steam ships to provide the lessons, they must keep in mind the similarities and differences, otherwise it will make the wrong judgments. warships sail single-deck paddle power, is bound to use the rapid decay, which because their energy can not sustain such a long consumption. The result is that, although single-deck warships can be tactical paddle sports fan, but the tactical movements of the time is limited; [author Note: Therefore, the Peloponnesian During the war, Syracuse (Siracusa, Sicily, Italy today) and Curtis claim Rakhmonov carat, bravely blocking offensive Expeditionary Force Athens, Syracuse (413 BC), and adhere to flank the enemy's offensive line this strategy. He said: must be hard to paddle, and when they are exhausted, we can attack them. paddle warships sail these two conditions will inevitably lead to a short distance between the two sides fighting a rapid assault. of course, does not preclude the two sides come face to face before making an attempt to cleverly outflanking of enemy ships or indirect implementation. Under such a rapid assault and melee, the emergence of a modern navy in the very popular, more consistent, even very well-known view that the development of modern naval weapons, the inevitable result will be mm is a large melee, in which the melee, as its history shown, it will be difficult to distinguish friend and foe. Anyway prove that this opinion is valuable, but must not simply single-deck paddle warships sail and steam ships in the bow are fitted with a ram, and can the fact that direct towards the enemy at any time as the historical basis for this opinion, regardless of single deck paddle warships sail and steam ships difference between the two. because so far, this opinion is only an inference, so best to go through the battle-tested, to be pros and cons of such tactics further clarified before it can make the final judgments. that is, or such tactics to obtain a positive assessment, it will put forward two different opinions mm strength is not the implementation of the phase between the upper and lower fleet melee, tactics and technology is the insignificant. In modern times, the Navy is equipped with a sophisticated, powerful weapons, the implementation of the melee is not the best option. If one has strong confidence in Admiral heart expand its fleet tactics better, and his captain were also very good, he will not want to start with the same force of the enemy in a dogfight. because in this melee, these favorable conditions will not be fully utilized, and Luck will play a most important role, and is equal to his fleet as a group of activities over the last ship from the hash is not integrated with the mob. [author note: be careful of the words in order to avoid complicated tactics seem to advocate movement caused by meaningless arguments. He was confident that a fleet to obtain conclusive results must be close to the enemy, but can not wait until there has been some advantage to go after the war. This is generally favorable conditions to get through the motor, so the training well-established and well-managed fleet is able to achieve these favorable conditions. In fact, no result is due to hastily hand to hand combat and the most reckless lack of confidence in the result of tactical operations.] As for the melee when it is appropriate and what When appropriate, the history has been a lot of lessons.
then only a single deck paddle warships sail is very similar to the current steam ships; and in other areas there are many differences; but because of these different place is not clear, so little attention. contrary to sailing, its notable features is it different from the modern point of the steam ship; so common sailing and steam ships, although there is also easy see, but not so clear, so not to attract attention. Compared with the steam ship, the realized depends on the wind sailing serious weaknesses that deepened the differences between them the impression. remove this sailing and sailing operations, its tactical utilization is still very instructive lesson. In view of single deck paddle warships will not sail without the wind, so the loss of combat capability, so in our time, it tactics should be more than sailing by people of all ages; but the truth is replaced by the single-deck paddle boat sail warships and ships in the use of steam before it has been the best ships. sailboat has a very far away from the the ability to attack the enemy, and this motor does not matter how long it will need to implement staff exhausted, so that you can make the most of the crew have to manipulate into offensive weapons without having to spend energy to manipulate the oar oars. These are the sailing and steam ships in common. If from a tactical point of view, these capabilities are at least single-deck paddle warships sail against the wind in the absence of wind or the ability to exercise is just as important.
people are looking for similarities, not only There is a tendency to easy to overlook the differences, but also easy to imagine that the same according to their own point exaggerated. can be to consider, we noted strong penetration of the boat has a range of distant gun and close range, but destructive large mortar, also pointed out that the modern steam ship with longer range of guns and torpedoes. torpedoes only in a limited distance, caused by severe impact damage to the enemy, but as in the past aimed gun is through enemy ships. Although these are only considered from a tactical point of view, but no doubt they will definitely affect the Fleet Commander and the Captain who plans; this similarity is real, not forced. sailing and steam ships have hope and enemy ship-to-ship to the implementation of direct confrontation, forced to board enemy ships sailing through their capture, the steam ship to sink through the ram; but for sailing and steam ships to accomplish this task is very difficult because in order to achieve this task effectively, must ship sailing to the battlefield a unique position, and projectile weapons is not the case, it is a vast area from many points on the implementation of the shooting.
based on wind direction and given two or two fleets sailing the relative position of the most important tactical issues involved, and may be admiral of that era are most concerned about. On the surface, it seems that in the present conditions, its steam ship is irrelevant, therefore, the lessons of history in this regard, there is nothing worth. if under serious consideration compared the wind and the upper hand, or make use of wind, , on both sides of this line there is still much scope for the upwind edge. leeward and windward are relative.] notable feature, mainly to seize their main characteristics, rather than to consider the other side issues, will prove that this view is wrong. warships have the upper hand the significant advantages of the location can be free to fight and the withdrawal of combat, then attack in the choice of method can form a favorable offensive posture. but this advantage will also bring some disadvantages. for example, tend to disrupt the battle formation, the enemy will be exposed to longitudinal shooting under fire, and make the attacker's part of the gun or all guns useless. these are approaching the enemy often happen. occupy the ship or fleet under the wind can not attack, you do not want to retreat, the battle only for a limited in the defense, and only in accordance with the intention of the enemy to fight. but if calm, it can more easily maintain a combat formation, but also can not fight back when the Dijian continuing attacks on its implementation of the gun, so will be able to make up for these adverse conditions. From a historical point of view, these favorable and unfavorable characteristics of all ages in all the offensive and defensive operations are very similar. attackers to close and destroy the enemy, we must bear some of the risks and suffered some loss; but defender, has been so reluctant to venture forward, maintain a good tight battle formation, and the attacker can also use the self-exposure. through some of the details can be clearly seen that the upwind and downwind fundamental difference between these. upwind of the British occupation are often like, because the consistent policy of the British attack on the enemy to destroy them; while the French occupation of the wind is usually used to position, because it is often the approach of the enemy so that they can weaken the enemy's combat effectiveness, and to avoid a decisive encounter, which can save their fleet strength. The French almost always consistently subordinated to the chief of naval operations other military considerations, they do not want to spend money on him in the navy, and sought to save Navy spending, to keep a defensive posture, and limit its role on repelling the enemy's attack. In order to implement this policy, as long as the enemy is to show of force, not to the war, the French will be pleased to use this application downwind skilful tactics. But when the British Admiral Rodney is not only to attack, and that to use the upper hand, a part of the enemy's front, large concentrations of troops, his cautious approach to the guitar is still wearing a military commander of the fleet will change tactical. Rodney is still conducted with three wearing Kyrgyzstan war, in the first battle, the French occupation under the wind; but when the guitar is still aware of wearing the purpose of Rodney, the Bianxiang wind direction, not attacks , but the withdrawal, unless the conditions in his favor, he was to attack. Now take the offensive or withdrawal, no longer dependent on the wind, but rather depends on whether the fleet has a faster speed. in a fleet, which Speed not only depends on the speed of each ship a single ship, but also depends on the unity of their tactical operations. From now on, with the rapid pace of the ships will be able to occupy a favorable position.
Therefore, from the sailing and single deck paddle warships sail to find useful lessons of history, not as many people imagine a vain hope. sailboat and sail single-deck paddle ships and modern warships have the same place, also have and Modern warships different place. these different places, so that we can not refer to their experience or combat tactics as a precedent to follow. But the role of a precedent and less than a principle different from the role. a precedent that may have been wrong , or because circumstances change, may no longer be applied; and principles reflect the essence of things, though with changes in circumstances, you can use a variety of different, but they remain a criterion, according to the criteria to be fighting the inevitable to win. There were such principles of war, they are the numerous wars of the past victories and failures of the established, is always the same. the situation has changed, and weapons, but to properly deal with the situation or the successful use of arms to those who must follow the eternal teachings of history, take the right on the battlefield tactics, or the correct implementation of large-scale operational activity, that action taken to correct strategy.
However, the entire battlefield, including those large-scale operations, and may involve competition in the sea most of the globe, the lessons of history and compare with the more obvious the role of durable, long time because many conditions remain unchanged. theater may be larger or smaller, their difficulties may be obvious or not obvious, the hostile armies may be strong or weak, if necessary, may be difficult or easy mobility, but all these are different levels of scale and is not essentially different. As the savage replaced by modern civilization, with the double means of communication , smooth roads, rivers, was added to our food sources from the bridge and the increasing operational activities are becoming more easily, quickly and widely, but the operational activities must follow the principles remain unchanged. when the car transporting troops on foot instead of , when the train instead of car, from the increased fighting, or it can be said to shorten the operational time; but the troops should be concentrated, such as the location of the decision requires the direction of movement, to attack the enemy positions which part of the land and the protection of communication lines, etc. These principles have not changed. in the sea, too, from fear to sail from one port to another port of slow single-deck paddle sail warships, the development of venture to sail the boat to the ends of the earth, and from sailing to the development of We now steam ships, the Navy expanded the scope of operational activities, and also accelerated the speed of ships, but the guiding principle of naval operations, but no need to change. Therefore, the earlier cited 2,300 years ago in his speech Rakhmonov carat Curtis bear with a proper strategic plan, which some of the principles as then, now also apply. the warring sides in the army or fleet into It points out the distinction between tactics and strategy), there are many issues to commanders to make decisions, including the entire battlefield full operational plan. These include the Navy, the exact functions in the war; the Navy's real target; the Navy should concentration of a particular place or places; create fuel and various supplies warehouse; keep these warehouses and smooth flow of traffic between their bases; also include research as a decisive combat activities or auxiliary mm undermine the military value of trade ; and damage to the most effective way of trade: a distributed cruise or the use of heavily armed merchant ships must pass through some of the important transport hub. All of these are strategic issues, and issues related to the history of this area has been well documented. recent In the British Navy launched a community in a meaningful discussion, and its mainly on the two famous British admiral, Lord Howe and Lord St. Vincent, in the battle with France, British naval deployment for the approach of the merits of the comparison. this is a strategic issue entirely, not just of historical interest, which is currently a very important issue. naval deployment is based on the principle, now as then, has not changed. St. Vincent's deployment policy to save the United Kingdom, so that them from the invasion, and in the General Nelson and his colleagues directly into the hands of the British naval battle of Trafalgar angle.
Therefore, in the naval strategy in the past a number of important doctrines, its importance is still not reduced. These important doctrine of the role, not only can be used to explain the principle, but relatively unchanged in the case of conditions can also be used as a precedent. When considered from a strategic point of view need to make the fleet into battle in a particular place, but the tactics point of view, it may not quite correct. human progress, weapons are constantly changing; with the changes in weapons, would inevitably lead to changing the way fighting, that troops or ships on the battlefield changes in the use and deployment . So in the event there are many links with the sea within sectors there is a tendency that the study will not be any past experience and lessons learned, and that this is a waste of time. In spite of this view is natural, but they not only completely lead countries to see the sea fleet deployed in the broad strategic intent, and even tactical view is narrow and one-sided. fleets have demonstrated the scope of their activities, and the fleet has been so changed, and will continue to change world history . Over the past success or failure of some of the fighting, depending on whether they implement the operational principles of the fighting. So, if careful study of these naval battles success or failure will not only find but will gradually understand these principles, these principles will continue to learn He applied to the ships of that era used the tactics and weapons to go. He will also see changes in tactics after the change occurs not only in weapons, and weapons will lead to inevitable changes in tactical change. people will see the arms and changes in tactics between the two is quite a long time interval. The reason for the improvement of weapons is mostly one or two people by the result of efforts to change tactics to defeat the conservative sectors of the principles of force of habit, and this habit is so strong . Only recognize each change, seriously study the new ship, or the power and limitations of new weapons, and then use the characteristics to adapt to its tactics, to be able to correct this habit. History has shown that all people want the military to this is done in vain; but if someone can recognize this change, then the operations will be of great benefit, because the lessons of great value in itself.
Therefore, we can now accept the cover of a French tactician Morrow view, he wrote 125 years ago: structural changes caused by vessels, control vessels on the change, ultimately resulting in fleet deployment and change of command of the fleet. Naval Tactical more susceptible to criticism. more specifically the use of these tactics should be based on the principles and change weapons. No doubt the application of strategic principles to change from time to time, but this change is very small; therefore easier to recognize the strategic basic principles. the above described historical events for us to find some from the description of the subject is very important example.
1798 Battle of the Nile year, the British fleet is not only fully and completely defeated the French fleet, but also destruction of France and Napoleon in Egypt between the lines of troops played a decisive role. In this battle, the British Admiral Nelson set for large tactical most shining example, it is the reputation of and well integrated during the battle of art. Before destruction, not to provide support to them; but some form of this tactic with the principle that the enemy formation choose the most difficult to get some assistance, and the use of superior force to attack it, they still do not have out of date. British Fleet Jie Davis Battle of St. Vincent Kok, with 15 over the 27 enemy ships, even though the enemy is not at anchor, but in the voyage, but he is also in accordance with the above principles of those speaking. However, people sometimes various fleeting impression of the situation, it seems to deal with these situations than on the principle of eternal impression deeper. Instead, Nelson's victory in the war on the process of strategic role played by some of the principles contained not only easier to be recognized, and has been seen that these principles also apply to our times. French adventure activities in Egypt, the success or failure depends on its ability to maintain its naval and smooth flow of traffic between metropolitan France. the triumph of the Battle of the Nile British destroyed the only way to ensure traffic safety, the French Navy, and it was decided the fate of the final defeat of France; people not only quickly saw the blow against the enemy lines in accordance with the principle, and will see this Now the principle is correct, and whether in the era of single-deck paddle warships sail, or in the sailing ship era or the era of steam, the same is correct.
But now there is a contempt of past mistakes views that those things are old and outdated, plus people are born lazy or blind to the history of the Navy bears lessons of those long-term effective strategy. For example, how many people are not the Battle of Trafalgar angle, the Nelson, and honors their talents and skills as an isolated anomaly great event? how many people ask themselves this strategic question, Jai angle battle more than a year is a continuation of the great drama of the last act strategically? In this drama, the history there has never been the two greatest commanders, Napoleon, and Nelson in each contest. In Battle of Trafalgar in the losers corner is not the French admiral Bougainville Naff, but Napoleon; winning is not Nelson, but was saved Britain; Why? because of Napoleon's failed joint action , and Nelson's intuitive knowledge and initiative of the British fleet continued to track the enemy, and it arrived at the decisive moment. [author Note: See the comments at the end of this chapter.] Battle of Trafalgar tactical angle, although details yet to be comments, but its main feature is consistent with the principles of war, and the British adventure has been at the time the outcome of emergency and sea proved to be completely correct; but the British prepare for the efficiency of the process of implementation of activities capacity and energy, as well as a few months before the war, the British commander of thinking and observation methods, some of the key strategic lessons are learned, and still is very important.
in the Battle of the Nile and Telafaer Add angle sea battle, in line with laws of war have made and decisive results. now can refer to a third wars, in the wars, because there is no fighting in the last two made the kind of clear results obtained, it is easy for debating what to do. In the American War of Independence, the French and Spanish alliance in 1799 against the British. combined fleet in the English Channel three times, including one as high as 66 the total number of sailing ships, the British fleet in the number of distinct disadvantage, forcing them to have to hide in the harbor. At that time Spain's main objective is to recover Gibraltar and Jamaica; to attack the almost impregnable fortress of Gibraltar, France and Spain from the sea and land into a great power. But these attacks is invalid, so you can ask the question mm a purely naval strategy, namely: France and Spain, the English Channel with the control, with attacks on British ports in the fleet, with the destruction of the local trade and invasion to threaten the United Kingdom, is better than make every effort to directly attack the British Empire, the remote, very rugged outpost will be more sure? long-term not been for the invasion of the British invasion of fright, if suddenly shaken to its fleet to the British the full confidence of so that they will lose relatively courage. No matter what the final decision, the issue as a strategic point is reasonable; However, a French officer at the time, proposed an alternative way, he was in favor of a direct large-scale attack to West Indies exchange for the island of Gibraltar. But the English can not give up the strategic pass to control the Mediterranean Sea, in exchange for any other overseas territories, although the UK may save their homes and the capital will give up this territory. Napoleon had declared that he wanted to Wei Siwa River [Translator's Note: Vistula, the river in Poland.] to regain local control [Translator's Note: Pondicherry, southeast of the federal government for the Indian Territory. eighteenth century for the British on several occasions and France the object of contention.] that place. If he can control the English Channel, as the combined fleet in 1779 was short-term control of it as his occupation of the British coast to a place like Gibraltar would doubt it?
order to keep in mind that history can provide us with strategic research materials, but also to the historical facts to illustrate the principles of war by the fact that, to cite two examples, which occurred at a time, than the book is also involved in the start of the time earlier. once in power between East and West in the Mediterranean during the two big contests, including one to the world-famous Empire at stake. One might propose that these two big contests, what happened to all the hostile fleet from each other so in the near Actium and Lepanto met? This is purely a coincidence? or because of repeated and may have been once again arise a situation? [author Note: The 1827 Turkish Western powers and the battle between the Navarino is carried out in this neighborhood.] If the latter is to work out this situation is worth it, because if someone like Anthony again as the Oriental or Turkish maritime power, they strategic issues will be similar. Now it seems, is indeed the center of sea power primarily in the United Kingdom and France, and there is an overwhelming tendency is to the West. But if there is a chance, it is now Russia in addition to controlling the control of the Black Sea lowlands, but also occupied the entrance to the Mediterranean, then, the current strategy of sea power conditions may be changed completely. Now, if the West agreed to rise up against the East, Britain and France would immediately stop the fight, as did in 1854, they went to Levant region [Translator's Note: refers to the Levant area along the Asian countries and the eastern Mediterranean island, including from the Greek by the generalized Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Egypt's Mediterranean coast. narrow, including only some of these areas in Asia area.] to, or, as the United Kingdom in 1878 alone to the same; the event of such changes proposed by the East will be the same as the previous two, in the half-way confrontation with the West.
Figure 1 in the world, the Mediterranean
history of a very striking and very important period, people do not realize that sea power has on the strategic importance and impact. now we can not find enough material for detailed study of sea power on the second Punic War [Translator's Note: Punic Wars with Carthage, the Roman rule of the right to fight the war the western Mediterranean, a total of three times. win the war the western Mediterranean, the results of the hegemony of Rome. because Carthage was Phoenician colony, while the Romans called the Phoenicians as the Punic (Poeni), so the history of these three wars called the Punic wars.] Outcome; But for now some signs of the legacy. there are good reasons to assert that the sea Right in the Punic War was a decisive factor. For this, we can not have been based only on the available facts of war handed down to form a correct judgments. because, as usual, it has been contemptuously ignored Navy records of some meetings of the Institute; to sign in from a few, according to some well-known historical period for the possibility of understanding, draw some false assumptions, it is necessary to become familiar with the details of all naval history. control the sea no matter how effective the implementation of does not mean the enemy's single ship or small sub-fleet can not be slipped out of port, can not always cross the ocean, not harassment, assault on a long and undefended coastline point, can not enter the ports are blocked. On the contrary, history has shown No matter how much difference between the two naval strength of the poor, the weaker party in a way is always possible to escape this blockade and control. So it full control of the Roman fleet of marine or control the key part is not contradictory, Catalan Sealand Junqiang Jun Bo Mier Is not the fourth year of the war won a brilliant victory at Cannae, succeeded in bringing a group of 4,000 soldiers and elephants landed in southern Italy it? seventh year of the war, suddenly Bomierka ducked off the coast of the Roman fleet at Syracuse once again appeared at that time controlled by the Hannibal Taranto. but also to the Carthage Hannibal sent several ships to pass the official document. even the last Han Nigeria pulled the remnants of his African and safely evacuated. But all this can not prove that the Government may continue to give Hannibal of Carthage to support. In fact, Hannibal did not get this support, however, the These facts will naturally cause the government has supported the Carthaginian Hannibal impression. so there is need for careful investigation has made it clear by the fact, confirmed to a good ...